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Pipe Dreams: The Opulence of Chinese Opium Accessories

Beginning in the 18th century, recreational opium smoking became an entire culture unto itself, replete with beautifully crafted paraphernalia that provided an opportunity to express one’s taste and aesthetic refinement.

We’re honored to have recently become stewards of a vast collection of antique Chinese opium accessories. A feat of collecting that took a decade to assemble, this assortment reflects many moments in the history of opium use, from the blades used for poppy harvests, to the scales and boxes used to sell and transport opium, to the grand pipes and ceramic bowls used in opulent opium dens.

A selection of etched opium bowls, scrapers, harvesting tools & pipes.

While these accessories are elaborate and beautiful, opium smoking was always a complex matter fraught with social discord and political turmoil. The first anti-opium edict in China was issued in 1729, but opium smoking remained widespread throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Despite multiple efforts by the Chinese — including restrictions under the Qing dynasty and the two Opium Wars (1839-1842; 1856-1860) — opium was not fully banned in China until 1949, when Chairman Mao and the Communist government took power.

Opium Smokers, c. 1880 – Wikimedia Commons

Prior to its total ban under Mao, dimly lit opium dens catered to smokers across all social strata, ranging from basement rooms with little furnishing to opulent halls with padded daybeds and lavish decoration.

Opium smoking among the upper class was primarily restricted to the home, and it was consequently a great honor to be invited to share one’s private reserve.

As with many art forms in Qing-dynasty China, opium paraphernalia ranged from simple tools to functional works of art. Highly decorated or made of rare materials, these objects expressed a love of beauty and celebrated traditional craftsmanship.

For those with means, a personal collection of fine accessories not only showed sophistication, but also promised a more pleasant smoking experience, as great care was taken to design accessories that minimized opium’s negative effects.

Antique wooden trays with opium accessories

Each step of the smoking process called for a different accessory, each an opportunity to impress. The most essential accoutrements were the pipe, the lamp and the needle.

Pipes were typically crafted of bamboo, sometimes sheathed in fine materials like tortoiseshell or shagreen and fitted with ornate mouthpieces of silver and cloisonné. No pipe was complete without a sculptural pipe bowl, typically shaped of yixing ceramic, jade or stone.

Needles were cast of metal and used to move and manipulate sticky opium paste, and lamps were set with glass shades that carefully channeled heat to vaporize a small portion of opium.

An illustrated opium kit layout, ca. 1898
From New York’s Chinatown. An Historical Presentation of its People and Places (1898), Courtesy Wikimedia Commons under public domain

Many other objects would have been part of a complete set, including scrapers, trays, headrests and opium boxes.

A tray of opium accessories, complete with pipe, bowl stand, lamp, and more.

Petite opium boxes lined with copper created an air-tight seal for storing a personal supply of opium paste. Much like snuff bottles, these small metal canisters were the perfect opportunity for decorative inlay, engravings, or repoussé designs.

A selection of petite brass and copper opium boxes.

Round-tipped metal scrapers were used to clean out spent ash, known as dross, from pipe bowls and stems. Lattice-topped dross boxes held the hot ash, while shallow trays caught falling debris and kept small tools close to hand. Miniature brushes and dustpans were used to keep the tray clean and small tool rests kept needles at the ready. Small scissors and tweezers were used to maintain the wick of the oil lamp wicks and small oil canisters kept the fuel replenished.

Ornate display stands held pipe bowls when not in use and pillows of ceramic, wood, or lacquered hide supported the head while under the effects of opium.

Opium collection on view at the gallery now.

Keepsakes of a bygone era, these curious objects tell the story of an intense, all-consuming practice, and the lavish material culture it inspired.

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